Gilgamesh Was a Real Historical Figure - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2955 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Gilgamesh Essay Did you like this example? Scholars have undertaken research to ascertain the argument of whether or not the legend of Gilgamesh is real. The question has become intriguing with some scholars making comparisons between the King that Gilgamesh was and the epic accounts that have been discovered about the legend. The work of Haubold, (2014) notes that most scholars agree that the legendary accounts developed surrounding Gilgamesh have been largely fictionalized. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gilgamesh Was a Real Historical Figure" essay for you Create order However, historians are in a position to justify that Gilgamesh existed as a king in his time. Gilgamesh is a significant literary character in most literature works whose origin is Mesopotamia. Works of poetry mention a rival king in the Sumerian Gilgamesh and the work is documented to have been created in the late third millennium BCE. Most of the poetry works dated in the late third millennium BCE have been verified by archeology. However, the history, myths and legend that surround Gilgamesh as a king and his contribution to his society raises enquiries on whether or not he is a real historical figure. Most scholars have explored the composition and meaning of the epic of Gilgamesh. According to Foster, (2014), most scholars who have encountered sources on the life and legend of Gilgamesh, use different approaches. Further, the essay will give a summary of the eleven tablets and provide a justification to support the thesis of the paper. The paper will argue that Gilgamesh was a real historical figure and provide sufficient evidence to support the argument. Gilgamesh was a legendary hero who was considered as such during the time he lived in 2700 BC. He was the fifth ruler of Uruk dynasties in Sumerian city which is the modern-day Iraq (Villiers, 2005). Lugalbanda, his father was king of Uruk while his mother Ninsun ruled as an intelligent cow goddess. In the King list of the Sumerians, he records an era of 126 years. Gilgamesh had a son, Urlugal whom together they rebuilt Ninlil a goddess sanctuary in Tummal, in the sacred city of Nippur (Villiers, 2005). He is the significant character revolving around Epic Gilgamesh which a substantial existing works in the early literature of Mesopotamia. According to Jones, (2011), in the Mesopotamian mythologies, he is recognized as a demigod with extraordinary strength that built Uruk city walls to defend the Sumerians from threats and external conflicts. Gilgamesh emphasis as a historical figure is further justified as he fought against Sargon of Akkadian’s military in a conflict that lasted for ages destroying the walls of Uruk (Jones, 2011). The Sumerians recognize him for travelling to meet Utnapishtim the sage that overcame the Great Deluge. Interestingly Gilgamesh is described as a one third of a human being and two thirds of a god (Villiers, 2005). The presence and significance of Gilgamesh as a historically significant figure is evident in the multiple historical accounts that make a direct or implied refence to the king or his reign. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is illustrated as a young, athletic, handsome king of the Uruk city. In Mesopotamia, the tales of Gilgamesh are exploited in narratives in five poems existing among the Sumerians (Jarman, 2014). Most Sumerian texts have identified Gilgamesh by the name Bilgrames. Some of the epic fragments found in Tell Haddad demonstrate Gilgamesh burial. Uruk people diverted river Euphrates with the objective to bury the king under the river bed (Villiers, 2005). The evidence of existence of Gilgamesh was recorded on twelve clay tablets in cuneiform that are dated between 1000 and 1300B.C. (Foster, 2014). The Epic of Gilgamesh describes the adventures of Enkidu and Gilgamesh who is reported to have killed and conquered Humbaba, the monster set over by the gods in Forest of Cedar. Gilgamesh is recognized as a historical king among the people of Uruk and an epic hero who is featured in archeological inscriptions and contemporary letters (Haubold, 2014). The Epic of Gilgamesh illustrates numerous themes that are significant in understanding the culture of Mesopotamia and the heredity of kings (Caputo, 2016). The role of the king, immortality, civilization, enmity and the relation between gods and human are themes that have been exemplified in the Mesopotamian mythology (Ilnitzki, n.d.). In the poems Gilgamesh faced various challenges that have shaped the culture of Mesopotamia. The manifestation of numerous events provides proof of the existence of kings and gods in the past that defined human civilization (Gadotti, 2005). The success of Gilgamesh has led him to be featured in narratives that have developed to myths and legends that are similar to historical heroes such as Charlemagne, Arthur and Sigurd in Western Civilization (Putra, 2013). Moreover, Gilgamesh attracted accomplishments and names of various kings that existed during the period. The Epic of Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh since reconstruction and rediscovery has created controversy among historians. The narrative is contrary to the Bible exemplifying 4,000 years in the society of Mesopotamia (Heidel, n.d.) The tale manifests religious and cultural heritage of the people of Mesopotamia in world literature. Throughout the religion and culture of Mesopotamia, that is reflected in the contemporary society. The existence of council of elders and firm male leader as well as the aspect of gender division in culture and religions is essential in contemporary societies (Haubold, 2014). Mesopotamia was religiously a polytheist society that is linked to natural phenomenon and the existence of gods is personified heavily (Ilnitzki, n.d.). In his life Gilgamesh encounters gods, creatures and kings who are vital enhancing human feelings, friendships, fear of death and relationships (Villiers, 2005). The people of Uruk believe and pray to the god of Anu to liberate them from the harsh rule of Gilgamesh. The gesture demonstrates the existence of religion among the people of Mesopotamia (Haubold, 2014). According to Jarman, (2014), in the events of Gilgamesh, death has been portrayed as a symbol relative to the epic and culture. The culture of Mesopotamia death exemplifies strange images of a dangerous and dark underworld where deceased souls are trapped underground (Heidel, n.d.). In Epic, death occurs as Enkidu and Gilgamesh are killing the Bull of Heaven and when Gilgamesh kills Humbaba. In the culture of Mesopotamia, the people of Uruk find peace in death (Caputo, 2016). Similarly, in contemporary religious beliefs, people find peace through transition of death. Although historians pay more attention on Hammurabi and his code of law, other civilizations account like that of the Tigris -Euphrates and other first civilizations explain their existence by focusing on Gilgamesh and other prominent legends (Villiers, 2005). From the multiple accounts documented on Gilgamesh as a Legend, are characterized by mythical accounts and were written about 2000 B.C (Foster, 2014). The writings were on clay tablets and in Sumerian language. History shows that Sumerian language does not reflect any similarities to any other known language. The writings were in cuneiform whose translation means ‘wedge-shaped’. The twelve tablets that have been retrieved and translated by historians contain a chronological account originally written in Akkadian language (Jones, 2011).   In most of the accounts presented by the tablets, Gilgamesh is accorded a heroic nature and a superhuman presentation. Gilgamesh is presented as two-thirds god and one-third human. He is said to be the greatest king on earth. However, Gilgamesh is described as a young ruthless king who oppresses his people. The people are helpless and call to Anu, the sky-god to rescue them (Ilnitzki, n.d.). As a response to their prayers, Anu created and sent a wild man Enkidu from the wild forests of Gilgamesh’s land. Enkidu is created with wild powers and exceptional abilities and his purpose is to salvage the subhuman citizens who have been oppressed by the superhuman Gilgamesh (Jarman, 2014). The news spread rapidly from the first time that a trapper’s son encounters Enkidu running with the wild animals. Upon his father’s advice, the son takes Shamhat, a temple harlot to Enkidu as a test to see if the wild man would succumb to sexual desires. Even though he succumbs and loses his strength and wildness, he gains understanding and knowledge. Shamhat offers to take Enkidu to the city and show him Gilgamesh, whom she argues is the only one deserving Enkidu’s friendship (Foster, 2014). At the same time, Gilgamesh dreams twice with the first dream showing meteorite fall on earth. Gilgamesh is unable to overpower its might and his people celebrate around it. Although Gilgamesh is open to embrace it as though it were his wife, his mother forces a coemption between the meteorite and Gilgamesh (Ilnitzki, n.d.). The second dream portrays an axe on Gilgamesh’s door and still he is unable to turn or lift it. Again, people gather and celebrate it and Gilgamesh is willing to embrace it. However, his mother forces Gilgamesh to compete with the axe. Gilgamesh seeks explanation about the dreams from his mother who informs him that a great man would come into Uruk (Jones, 2011). Gilgamesh will collaborate with the mighty man and accomplish great deeds. Enkidu is introduced to civilization by receiving education and apprenticeship on tending flocks, civilized eating, wearing clothes and speaking properly. Enkidu’s formal introduction into Uruk happens on a day of great celebration (Villiers, 2005). The encounter between Gilgamesh and Enkidu happens when Gilgamesh is about to claim his self-declared right to have sexual intercourse with a new bride on her wedding night. Enkidu is infuriated by the abuse and prompts the two into a furious fight. Gilgamesh gets the upper hand as the fight resolves and the two embraces a sign of their devoted friendship. The two friends become weak with time and grow lazy living in the city. Gilgamesh proposes that for their friendship, they should take an adventure and journey through great Cedar Forest and cut all cedar trees (Ilnitzki, n.d.). However, they would have to kill the guardian of the forest first who is believed to be a Humbaba the Terrible. Enkidu is aware of the powers of Humbaba and tries to convince his friend not to undertake the adventure. It is important to note that most contents on tablets were not in existence. The salvaged information reports that the elders of the city undertook a protest against Gilgamesh’s but eventually agree (Haubold, 2014). The elders assigned Enkidu the responsibility to protect the king and required that the Enkidu takes the forward position in the battle. The king’s mother laments her sons’ fate asking the sun-god Shamash why he gave Gilgamesh a restless heart (Gadotti, 2005). The sun-god promises to watch over the king’s life. After being commanded by the queen mother to protect her son, Enkidu panics and tries to convince Gilgamesh to quit the adventure without success. The tablets explain the tale of the voyage to the cider forest. In the six-day voyage, Gilgamesh prayed to Shamash who sends oracular dreams to Gilgamesh in the night to respond to his prayers.   In another dream, Gilgamesh wrestles a bull that breaks the earth (Gadotti, 2005).   The dreams are ominous creating fear to Gilgamesh. The interpretation of the dream by Enkidu reveals Shamash protection. The revelation of Enkidu on his dreams illustrates success to his coming battles. The tablet exemplifies the unity between Enkidu and Gilgamesh to fight the demon of Humbaba. As Gilgamesh enters Cedar Forest, he shakes with fear praying and reminding Shamash of the promise of safety he had on Ninsun (Jarman, 2014). Shamash directs Gilgamesh to kill Humbaba when he is not wearing his armor of seven coats. The tablet provides an account of the two friends entering the magnificent Cedar Forest. Gilgamesh and Enkidu begin to cut the trees and Humbaba, the guardian, hears the sound and comes running with a roar to warn them off (Haubold, 2014). Enkidu tries to defend the king and warned Humbaba that the two are stronger that a mere demon. Overlooking Enkidu, Humbaba taunts the King for taking orders from nobody. Humbaba begins a fight with the two when he turns his face into a hideous form. Although Gilgamesh is too frightened and goes into hiding, Enkidu inspires courage and the two friends fight against Humbaba (Jarman, 2014). The sun-god intervenes in favor of Gilgamesh and Enkidu who acquire victory against Humbaba. Humbaba begs for his life as Gilgamesh holds a sword to his head. However, Enkidu convinces him that he would gain renowned fame across time and lands if he kills Humbaba. Gilgamesh succumbs to the yearning of such power and cuts Humbaba’s head (Ilnitzki, n.d.). Un fortunately, before dies, Humbaba curses Enkidu to never find peace and not live longer. Nevertheless, the two friends accomplish their adventure, cut down cedar trees even the tallest cedar tree and make a magnificent gate for the city Sumerian Poems of Gilgamesh In ancient writings from Mesopotamia, the name of Gilgamesh appears in different forms like Bilgames. Through history, five Sumerian poems have been copied about Bilgames on the varying degree of popularity in Babylonian schools with greater improvements on particular translations. The texts were collected to facilitate the epic Babylonian standard with other materials illustrated by Akkadian (Caputo, 2016). In the Babylonian epic, Gilgamesh Sumerian poems play the role of reconstruction and recovery from pieces of clay tablets preserved in museums in various countries. With increased text discovery, it is possible to observe and compare between Babylonian epic and Sumerian poems (Caputo, 2016). It enables people to appreciate the skills portrayed by Old Babylonian poets who expressed traditional stories and themes as primary materials in literature (Gadotti, 2005). However, it is difficult to determine if the knowledge used was derived from individual experience or written existing traditions in scribal schools or even knowledge from oral Sumerian traditions presented in Akkadian. According to Jones, (2011), the evident borrowing is present in adaptation of the story of Sumerians’ Huwawa and Bilgames that furnish elaborate narrative Expedition in Tablets III- V in the Babylonian epic. The simple efforts demonstrated by the Bull of Heaven and tale of Sumerian Bilgame’s achi eve episodes of Tablet VI Bull of Heaven and Ishtar (Caputo, 2016). Recent discoveries have been revealed in the Akkadian tale in Tablet VIII of Enkidu’s funeral which is closely related to Bilgame’s funeral and the traditional customs where Gilgamesh acquired the knowledge of Flood Heroes that restore cultic life practices of the land (Jones, 2011). The historical origin of the Sumerian poems is briefly covered. Ideally, the language of the Sumerians is used figuratively in expressing Akkadian that makes an abrupt opaque passage (Jones, 2011). The existing translations are aimed at presenting an original version to produce clear texts that have limited liberties on occasional phrasing. The five poems have survived numerous recessions with relative periodical intervals. In some cases, the texts can be repetitive as tablets have shared passages or abbreviated versions. The adopted policies provide a translation producing texts in the simplest form. Gilgamesh reigned between 2500 B.C with most historians agreeing that he ruled for about 126 years in Sumerian king List. Legendary accounts that surround his existence present Gilgamesh as a son of goddess Ninsum born to the king who reigned before him. Gilgamesh is a significant historical figure and this position is justifiable through multiple arguments. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the king is the center character. The epic provides a chronological account of Gilgamesh. Having been written originally on stone tablets provides a confirmation that the Epic of Gilgamesh is an account of a king who had existed. A historical figure is justified to have multiple accounts written in his name or about him. In his own right, Gilgamesh is a historical figure. Being studied alongside other figure of importance in history, Gilgamesh represents a concept of true devotion of a leader and his commitment to expansion of his territory. Through such ambitions, Gilgamesh triggered wars and his quest to conquer new territories present a historically significant aspect. The other aspect of significant is that account that has been discovered containing documented information about Gilgamesh. However, the accounts provide more information about Sumerian kingdom, its people and development. For instance, in one of the tablets is an account about when Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu set off to an adventure into the Cider Forest to cut cider trees. The information in the tablet informs of the society’s religious beliefs, political order and economic status. Through studying information about Gilgamesh, scholars are able to acquire information that helps them patch-up other semi-reconstructed works of history. As such, Gilgamesh is a relevant historical figure in the contemporary society. Gilgamesh might fail to meet the requirements for a hero according to the contemporary standards but it is with no doubt he is a sign of historical significance for the society. References Caputo, D. (2016). From Sumerian tales to Babylonian epic: an interdisciplinary student guide to Gilgamesh. The International Journal of Literary Humanities, 14(4), 39-54. doi: 10.18848/2327-7912/cgp/v14i04/39-54 Foster, B. (2014). A new edition of the epic of Gilgamesh | Review by: Benjamin R. Foster | download. Retrieved from https://booksc.xyz/book/27681472/bb69d6 Gadotti, A. (2005). A. R. George: The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition And Cuneiform Texts. 2 vols. xxxv, 741 pp., iii, 743–986 pp., 147 plates. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.  £175. Bulletin of The School of Oriental and African Studies, 68(01). doi: 10.1017/s0041977x05260056 Haubold, J. (2014). Gilgamesh among Us: modern encounters with the ancient epic by theodore ziolkowski. American Journal of Philology, 135(4), 669-672. doi: 10.1353/ajp.2014.0045 Heidel, A. The Gilgamesh epic and old testament parallels [Ebook]. London: The University of Chicago Press. Ilnitzki, M. Gilgamesh and the Quest for Immortality [Ebook] (pp. 5-9). Jarman, M. (2014). When the light came on: the epic gilgamesh. Retrieved from https://booksc.xyz/book/27162289/03b5b7 Jones, S. (2011). Review of the buried foundation of the gilgamesh epic: the akkadian huwawa narrative. Journal Of Hebrew Scriptures, 11. doi: 10.5508/jhs. 2011.v11.r21 Putra, J. (2013). Gilgamesh among us: modern encounters with the ancient epic. English, 62(237), 218-220. doi: 10.1093/english/eft012 Villiers, G. (2005). Understanding gilgamesh: his world and his story (Masters). University of Pretoria.

Essay Gender Theory - 1950 Words

Gender Theory Gender Theories can be related to a person’s emotional stability, status in society, work ethics and most important their ability to relate to others. As the sources of text, personal experience, research books, articles and websites are used to explain the importance of male and female communication, in itself it is only a theory based on the historical and internal learning that influence me as a student (Wood, 2011). In the end, the theory that best describes my gender characteristic will influence the outcome of opinion. That is what makes Gender Theory so interesting, it is a theories based on personal bias. In order to explain the differences and similarities in gender several theories have been established and†¦show more content†¦Males are assumed independent and more free spirited; the psychodynamic theory associates this is learned early in childhood development possibly even back to infant stage. It is believed that because mothers tend subconsciously to disassociate themselves with their sons so that they are not too dependent on them that early development the sense of independence gives way to the domin ance tendencies males have genetically. Social and cognitive theories are based more on the learning of behavior expected from each sex. Socially even as young children acceptance is very important, especially now when children are reared more outside the home from private childcare due to parent working the social skills needed to fit in start even earlier. Especially for girls it becomes obvious the expectations of girls verses boys; girls are dressed by parents most often to look pretty and fit in with the expected style even at toddler ages. When girls are told they are pretty or the clothes they have on is pretty then it begins the learning pattern of how they look determines if they receive a smile and praise or no attention at all. 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Market Growth and Trends Free Essays

Growth Rate of the Aircraft Manufacturing Industry According of FAA Aerospace Forecasts, the number of commercial aircrafts is expected to grow from 7,626 in the year 2006 to 11,203 in the year 2020 with an average annual growth rate or 2.8% or 256 aircrafts (FAA Aero space, 2007, p. 14) Trends in the Aircraft manufacturing Industry Its effects on the industry Of these the number of passenger jets in the mainline carrier fleet, in this period, would on an average increase by an average of 163 aircrafts per year to reach a total of 6,041 in 2020. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Growth and Trends or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The number regional jets has been forecasted to increase on an average by 3.4 %   from 1,687 in 2006 to 2,689 in 2020. The turbo-piston aircraft is however expected to decline from 1056 in 2006 to 1,005 in 2020. The cargo jet aircrafts are projected to increase by 23 aircrafts per year, the narrow-body aircrafts are projected to decline by 4 aircrafts a year, and the wide-body jet fleet i.e. the Airbus A-380 segment is projected to increase by more than 37 aircrafts a year. (FAA Aero space, 2007, p. 15) The demand for the business jets have been seen to increase over the past couple of years and this trend is expected to continue in the coming decade. Hence a demand for micro-jets is expected to rise in this period. The year 2005 saw a new type of aircraft â€Å"light sport aircraft†. Looking at the number of aircrafts being registered, the number of this type of aircrafts is projected to rise rapidly. (FAA Aero space, 2007, p. 16) Boeing Company: Key Competitors Following are they Key Competitors of Boeing: 1.Lockheed Martin Corporation – The Company’s aeronautic division manufactures military aircrafts and related technologies. Some of the products of the company are: â€Å"F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, the F-22 air dominance attack and multi-mission combat aircraft, the F-16 multi-role fighter, the C-130J tactical transport aircraft, and the C-5 strategic airlift aircraft† (Yahoo Finance, 2007, para 1) 2.European Aeronautics Defense and Space Company EADS N.V. – EADS has been formed by combing the following companies: The Daimler Chrysler Aerospace or DASA and Aerospace Matra from France, and Construcciones Aeronicas SA or CASA from Spain (Yahoo Finance, 2007, para 1) 3.Airbus S.A.S. – This is the world’s #1 commercial aircraft manufacturer. Some of the aircraft manufactured by the company are the A318, A319, A320, A321 of the single aisle type and A300, A310, A330, A340 of the wide body type. (Yahoo Finance, 2007, para 1) 4.Northrop Grumman Corp.- The company manufactures various types of aerospace systems for the US Government (Yahoo Finance, 2007, para 1) 5.General Dynamic Corp.- The airline division of this company manufactures business-jet aircraft for various clients like private individual, government agencies and corporations (Yahoo Finance, 2007, para 1) 6.GE Aviation – The company is world’s largest engine manufacturer for military and commercial airplanes (Yahoo Finance, 2007, para 1) Marketing Mix Product This paper focuses on the Boeing Corporation’s aircraft products. The aircrafts produced by this company are the commercial jet aircrafts for the airline industry. The company manufactures aircrafts for 100-500 passengers. The products of the company include the following aircraft types: 737, 747, 767, 777, and 787 Dreamliner. Price The pricing strategy that Boeing, when it enters is new market is to use the penetration pricing strategy i.e. use low cost combined with better quality of products. This strategy was immensely successful in making the 737 family a well known name outside the US market. (Cavallone, Cassia, Zappella, 2007, p. 5)   A strategy that proved to be a failure however was that reduction of prices for the entire fleet at a time, and terming it as a sale. The repercussion of this was. Northrop and EADS captured strong market shares which were previously held by Boeing Placement As mentioned above, Boeing has different families of products for different market segment. Each of the family is placed in a different category. For instance 737 is aimed towards smaller and low cost airlines, 747 has a presence with almost every major airline, 767 and 777 are aimed towards airlines flying international and long distance etc. Promotion Aircraft manufacturing industry is a B2B business segment. The cost of products is huge while the numbers of products sold are less. The company regularly participates in fairs where its products are displayed. In addition to this the company also participates in indirect marketing by publishing its technical achievements in various technical fests via news and print media. Works Cited Online Articles Cavallone M, Cassia F, Zappella C, 2007, International g Mix, 8th October 2007, http://www.unibg.it/dati/corsi/6489/21318-4.%20The%20International%20M-Mix%20-%20Product%20and%20Pricing%20Strategies.pdf Websites â€Å"Commercial Airplanes†, 2007, Boeing, 8th October 2007, http://www.boeing.com/commercial/products.html â€Å"FAA Aerospace Forecast Fiscal years 2007-2020†, 16th March 2007. FAA-US Department of Transportation,. 8th October 2007, http://www.faa.gov/data_statistics/aviation/aerospace_forecasts/2007-2020/media/FAA%20Aerospace%20Forecasts%20FY%202007-2020.pdf Pages taken from Yahoo Finance Yahoo Finance. 2007. Yahoo Inc. 8th October 2007, http://finance.yahoo.com/ â€Å"Airbus S.A.S Company Profile†. Yahoo Finance. 2007. Yahoo Inc. 8th October 2007, http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/40/40566.html â€Å"European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company EADS N.V. Company Profile†, Yahoo Finance. 2007. Yahoo Inc. 8th October 2007, http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/101/101208.html   Ã¢â‚¬Å"GE Aviation Company Profile â€Å".Yahoo Finance. 2007. Yahoo Inc. 8th October 2007, http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/57/57976.html â€Å"General Dynamics Corp.†, Yahoo Finance. 2007. Yahoo Inc. 8th October 2007, http://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=GD â€Å"Lockheed Martin Corporation†. Yahoo Finance. 2007. Yahoo Inc. 8th October 2007, http://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=LMT â€Å"Northrop Grumman Corp.†. Yahoo Finance. 2007. Yahoo Inc. 8th October 2007, http://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=NOC How to cite Market Growth and Trends, Essay examples

Disclosure Of Goodwill Impairment Testing -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Disclosure Of Goodwill Impairment Testing? Answer Introducation The main objective of this study is to make analysis and evaluation of various aspects of impairment testing for Forge Group Limited. It needs to be mentioned that the testing of impairment takes place when the marketing value of an assets shows less than the reported value in the financial statements (Ramanna and Watts 2012). From the analysis of the annual report of the company, it can be observed that the company has used goodwill for the purpose of impairment testing. The analysis of the annual report also shows that the company has their business goodwill in each of the groups cash generating units that is expected to be beneficial for the company. Forge Group Limited does the testing of the cash generating units of goodwill on an annual basis or more frequently when the company gets the indication that the particular asset may be impaired. In case there is any loss of impairment in goodwill, the company uses to recognize it in the profit of loss in the comprehensive income stat ement (Ji 2013). The analysis of the annual report of Forge Group Limited shows that the company uses a specific technique for impairment testing. In Forge Group Limited, goodwill originated from the business combination is considered as intangible assets. There is not any provision for amortizing the goodwill but to test them when there is any indication of impairment (Aschfal, Evertz and Oliver 2013). As a part of this testing, the allocation of goodwill is done among the companys cash generating units. With the help of goodwill testing, the company use to determine the recoverable amount of each cash generating units and it is done with the help of value-in-use calculation. The value-in-use calculation is done based on the present value of the cash flow projections over a period of three years. The discount of the cash flows is done with the use of a post-tax nominal discount rate that is based on the companys weighted average cost of capital after the adjustments of risks and cash generating unit s. At the time of carrying on the impairment testing, business organizations incur certain amount of expenses that is considered as impairment expenditures. There is not any exception of this fact in case of Forge Group Limited (Khairi, Laili and Tran 2012). From the analysis of the annual report of Forge Group Limited, it can be observed that the company has not incurred any expenditure related to the testing of impairment in the year 2013. However, it can be seen that the company recorded $224,000 as impairment loss in the year 2012. The analysis of the annual report of Forge Group Limited also shows that the company has recorded $582,000 and $267,000 as provision for impairment of trade receivables in the year 2013 and 2012 respectively. These are the expenditures related with impairment testing in Forge Group Limited. It is required for the business organizations to make certain important assumptions at the time of conducting the impairment testing. In case of the impairment testing of Forge Group Limited, the presence of certain assumptions can be seen. These key assumptions are discussed below: For the projection of cash flows, the company uses to factor long-term sustainable growth rates into the valuation models based on the comparability to the market and industry average. The basis of modeling is average post-tax discount rate specific to the cash generating units (Olante 2013). From the used discount rates, the estimation of the management related with the time value of money can be done along with the risk associated with each of the cash generating units. The use of the weighted average cost of capital is used for the determination of the discount rates for each cash generating units. Forge Group Limited has made the assumption of the required growth rate and discount rate for the testing of goodwill. For Forge Group Construction, the assumed growth rate and discount rate is 5.0% and 15% respectively. On the other hand, for Forge Group Power, the assumed growth rate and discount rate is 5.0% and 15% respectively. As per the assumptions made by the management of Forge Group Limited, the calculation for value-in-use is based on the approved budget for each cash generating units. In these budgets, the use of weighted average growth rate can be seen for the projection of revenue. The calculation of cost is done by considering the historical gross margins along with the estimated weighted average rate of inflation over the periods. The assumptions related with the discount rates are done based on the nominal post-tax rate after adjusting them with the risk associated with the cash generating units (Amiraslani, Iatridis and Pope 2013). From the above analysis, it can be seen that Forge Group Limited has done their impairment testing as per the required accounting regulations. From the analysis of the annual report of Forge Group Limited, it can be observed that there is not any subjective discretion in the process of allocation and impairment testing of goodwill and it implies that the company has not carried out the impairment testing in any opportunistic manner. The impairment testing of the goodwill in Forge Group Limited has been done in the presence of appropriate discount rate along with future amount of cash flows. Thus, it can be said that that is not any subjectivity that can influence the impairment testing outcome (Darrough, Guler and Wang 2014). The most interesting aspect in the goodwill impairment testing of Forge Group Limited is the making of right set of assumptions along with the allocation of goodwill in the cash generating units. It can be observed that the company has provided all the justifications along with the clarifications regarding goodwill impairment testing in the notes of financial statements. The surprising aspect of the impairment testing is the review of assets on an annual basis in order to check the presence of impairment (Bepari, Rahman and Mollik 2014). After the assessment of the impairment testing of Forge Group Limited, it can be observed that the company follows the standards of AASB 9 for the impairment testing and the allocation of the impaired assets in the cash generating units. In addition, from this analysis, one can get effective insight about the process of impairment testing carried out by the large business organizations. Apart from this, proper insight can be obtained about the matter that the companies have started to use the new accounting model for impairment testing that is based on the anticipated credit losses instead of incurring the credit losses (Hamberg and Beisland 2014). Fair value refers to a basis for the valuation of the assets and liabilities of the companies. More specifically, fair value measurement is considered as a standard as the price that would be received from the sale of any assets or the price that needs to be paid for the transfer of a liability will be based on the date of measurement. It implies that the business organizations are required to consider the market value of the assets and liabilities at the time of doing transactions related with the selling or buying (Glaum et al. 2013). As per the current accounting standard, it is the obligation to the lessees and lesser to make the necessary classification related with the operating lease and capital lease of their businesses. The current accounting standard provides the companies with the choice of disclosing the information related to lease under the liability and asset section for a brief period of time. There is not any obligation for the operating lease as well as the capital lease to disclose them in the company balance sheet. For this reason, companies get the option to present the lease information in the balance sheet (Collins, Pasewark and Riley 2012). Companies state the information related with the total amount of liabilities in their balance sheet; but the understatement can be seen in case of lease as it is not mandatory for the companies to disclose the lease information. It can be happened that the companies have huge amount of lease liabilities that are more than the total liability of them and still, it cannot be observed from the balance sheet. For this reason, the investors will not be able to access sufficient amount of information about the assets and liabilities of the companies from the balance sheet that will make the investors depictive about the financial position of the companies (Jackling, Howieson and Natoli 2012). The earlier standard of lease made it obligatory for the companies to only record the information about capital lease in the company balance sheet. For this reason, there was lack of disclosure for the users of financial information and investors in gaining better understanding regarding the uncertainty about the origination of cash flow from lease activities. Thus, in the previous lease standards, there was lack of qualitative as well as quantitative aspects in gaining required information about leases in the financial statements of the companies. Due to this, the firms used to fail in attaining the desired financial results. More importantly, the lack of information leads to less realistic presentation of liabilities and assets related with lease (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). Under the current accounting standard, there is not any obligation on the companies in recording the lease information in the balance sheet; but it is the obligation on the companies to make the timely payment of these leases. It implies that the business organizations are underestimating the liabilities of their business by not including the leas liabilities in the balance sheet. In addition, it needs to be mentioned that there are number of lease liabilities that are responsible for creating major difference between the recorded amount of total liabilities in the balance sheet and the liabilities existed in off-balance sheet record. For this p particular reason, the total amount of debt in the balance sheet stands 66 times lower than the liabilities recorded as per off-balance sheet (Street 2012). It can be seen that the airline companies have made lease of huge amount of planes and there is not any obligation on them to record these leases in the company balance sheet as per the previous lease standard. As per the earlier lease standard, companies have made the classification of leases based on historical cost and have recorded them based on off-balance sheet system (Huerta, Petrides and Braun 2013). For this reason, huge difference can be seen in the liability position of the airlines companies that are making the lease of large amount of planes and the companies that are purchasing the planes. Due to this, he difference can be seen in the financial position of the companies on off-balance sheet basis. For this reason, the investors face great difficulties in determining the actual financial position of the airline companies. In addition, there were contrasting results due to the presence of financial leverage and operational activities. The presence of numerous number of criticism can be seen in the new introduced standard of lease accounting and for this reason, there will not be many popularity of this new lease accenting standard. Under this standard, there will be considerable change in leases in the balance sheet that would create impact on the leverage situation and thus, there will be increase in the cost of the company. It needs to be mentioned that this new lease standard has brought complexities in the process of lease accounting and cost reporting. For this reason, it is the obligation on the companies to update their financial system in order to improve the process of lease disclosure. For this reason, companies will be required to incur more amounts of costs that will lead to the unpopularity of this lease standard (Gordon et al. 2013). The companies will be able to present the financial information in a better manner in the presence of new leasing standard. Thus, there will be both qualitative as well as quantitative information about lease in the balance sheet of the companies. Moreover, investors will be able to gain better understanding about the financial position of the companies. The reflection of enough information about assets and credits risks will be there in the financial statements. All these aspects would be helpful in increasing the transparency of financial information and position of the companies (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). References Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F., 2013. Accounting for asset impairment: a test for IFRS compliance across Europe.London, UK: Centre for Financial Analysis and Reporting Research, Cass Business School. Standards, Regulations, and Financial Reporting, pp.199-223. Aschfalk-Evertz, A. and Oliver, R., 2013.Goodwill impairment testing according to IFRS in the United Kingdom: An empirical analysis of the discount rates used by the thirty largest FTSE 100 companies(No. 75). Working Papers of the Institute of Management Berlin at the Berlin School of Economics and Law (HWR Berlin). Bepari, M.K., Rahman, S.F. and Mollik, A.T., 2014. Firms' compliance with the disclosure requirements of IFRS for goodwill impairment testing: Effect of the global financial crisis and other firm characteristics.Journal of Accounting and Organizational Change,10(1), pp.116-149. Collins, D.L., Pasewark, W.R. and Riley, M.E., 2012. Financial reporting outcomes under rules-based and principles-based accounting standards.Accounting Horizons,26(4), pp.681-705. Darrough, M.N., Guler, L. and Wang, P., 2014. Goodwill impairment losses and CEO compensation.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,29(4), pp.435-463. Glaum, M., Schmidt, P., Street, D.L. and Vogel, S., 2013. Compliance with IFRS 3-and IAS 36-required disclosures across 17 European countries: company-and country-level determinants.Accounting and business research,43(3), pp.163-204. Gordon, E.A., Greiner, A., Kohlbeck, M.J., Lin, S. and Skaife, H., 2013. Challenges and opportunities in cross-country accounting research.Accounting Horizons,27(1), pp.141-154. Hamberg, M. and Beisland, L.A., 2014. Changes in the value relevance of goodwill accounting following the adoption of IFRS 3.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,23(2), pp.59-73. Huerta, E., Petrides, Y. and Braun, G.P., 2013. Translation of IFRS: Language as a barrier to comparability.Research in Accounting Regulation,25(1), pp.1-12. Jackling, B., Howieson, B. and Natoli, R., 2012. Some implications of IFRS adoption for accounting education.Australian Accounting Review,22(4), pp.331-340. Ji, K., 2013. Better late than never, the timing of goodwill impairment testing in Australia.Australian Accounting Review,23(4), pp.369-379. Khairi, K.F., Laili, N.H. and Tran, D.M., 2012. Disclosure quality of goodwill impairment testing: a disclosure index. Olante, M.E., 2013. Overpaid acquisitions and goodwill impairment lossesEvidence from the US.Advances in Accounting,29(2), pp.243-254. Ramanna, K. and Watts, R.L., 2012. Evidence on the use of unverifiable estimates in required goodwill impairment.Review of Accounting Studies,17(4), pp.749-780. Street, D.L., 2012. IFRS in the United States: If, when and how.Australian accounting review,22(3), pp.257-274. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013.Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning.

To what extent is Act III Scene II pivotal to Hamlet Essay Thesis Example For Students

To what extent is Act III Scene II pivotal to Hamlet? Essay Thesis Hamlet-Year 10 Coursework I think that Act III scene ii is not pivotal to Hamlet, for three different reasons. Firstly why I think this is, the situation that Hamlet has with Claudius, after Claudius has killed his father. Secondly, the audiences and Claudius reaction to the mousetrap play, performed by the actors, in which Claudius kills Hamlets father. Finally the third reason is the treatment Hamlet gives towards Ophelia. Hamlet until this point has been very uncertain about what to do about the situation with Claudius. Hamlet has seen the Ghost of his father who explains that Claudius killed him, but Hamlet is unsure if he should believe what the Ghost has said, Act II Scene ii I know my course. The spirit that I have seen may be a Devil and the Devil hath power Tassume a pleasing shape. Once Hamlet has decided to believe the ghost he has two choices. Hamlets first choice, of which he is undecided, is if he should carry out the deed of killing Claudius, in revenge for his father, which he has promised that he would do, Act I Scene v Haste me to knowt that I with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love may sweep to my revenge. We will write a custom essay on To what extent is Act III Scene II pivotal to Hamlet? Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Or Hamlets second choice is to get himself out of this situation completely and kill himself, Act III Scene I To be or not to be. Hamlet now needs proof that Claudius did kill his father, Act II Scene ii Ill have grounds more relative than this. The plays the thing, where in Ill cath the conscience of the King. Hamlet decides on the Mousetrap, a guilty reaction from Claudius, will allow Hamlet to kill Claudius. No reaction from Claudius will make Hamlet disbelieve the ghost and question his own sanity. I think that this reason is not pivotal, because although Hamlet has finally made his first positive action which is to kill Claudius, in revenge for his father Hamlet fails to do so. Hamlet has the perfect chance after the guilty reaction of Claudius during the play, Hamlet has a perfect chance to kill Claudius at the alter, but he fails to do the deed. Act III Scene iii, Ad might I do it pat now a is a praying and now all dot and so a goes to heaven. and A villain kills my father as for that, I his sole son do this same villain send him to heaven. This means that if Hamlet kills Claudius now, Claudius will be sent to heaven because he is forgiving his sins at the alter, Hamlet will then go to hell as the consequence if he does kill Claudius. As I explained before, the reaction of the audience towards the scene in the Mousetrap, play where Claudius kills Hamlets father. This is an opportunity for the audience to get a clear indication of Claudiuss guilt, as we only know what Hamlet knows. When we see Claudiuss reaction this means that we, the audience, know things that other characters do not. If Claudius makes a big reaction to the play, the audience will feel confident that Claudius is guilty. No reaction from Claudius will mean that the audience will begin to doubt the reliability of Hamlet, and Hamlet will have to prove his own sanity to himself. A small reaction from Claudius, will mean that the audience will still be unsure about what to believe, should they believe Hamlet or not. Again I feel that this is not pivotal because, although Claudius reacts to the play after the actor playing the King is murdered Claudius arises from his seat and leaves the room, Act III Scene ii Give me some light. .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77 , .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77 .postImageUrl , .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77 , .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77:hover , .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77:visited , .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77:active { border:0!important; } .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77:active , .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77 .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u646d247759309e58ab2cb94524c68e77:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Polonius' Observations on Hamlet's Madness EssayAway. Also Claudius has now realized that Hamlet has been faking his madness the whole time. Claudius finds this out when Hamlet arrives back home from England, where he has been sent by Claudius to be killed, when Hamlet returns to find out that Ophelia has died. Hamlet makes a speech at the burial of Ophelia. I find this point also non-pivotal because although Claudius reacts to the play Hamlet is still unsure what Claudius is actually reacting to, Claudius could just be reacting to the death of his brother and the play itself, or he is reacting due to guilt that he has murdered his brother. Finally Hamlets treatment of Ophelia throughout the story. Hamlet has always loved Ophelia throughout the play, but when he has to fake his madness because he knows that he is being watched by Polonius, Ophelia returns the gifts to Hamlet that he had given her believing that Hamlet does not love her anymore. Then when it comes to the play where Hamlet finds out whether Claudius is guilty or not. Hamlet subjects Ophelia to a torrent of sexual innuendo Act II Scene ii: Hamlet: Lady, shall I lay upon your lap? Ophelia: No, my lord. Hamlet: I mean my head upon your lap? Ophelia: Ay, my lord. This is something that she shouldnt even be listening to, woman, in the Elizabethan era, should be chaste. The next time we see Ophelia she has gone mad. Again paradox I think that this non-pivotal. I think this because, Yes she may have gone mad due to the fact that herself and Hamlet are together for the last time at the play this may have made her go mad due to that her true love has left her, or that Hamlet may have influenced her to go mad when Hamlet was faking his madness. ut on the other hand, No she is not mad and she may have killed herself because of the grief of her fathers death at the hands of her beloved. As I said in the introduction I think that Act III Scene ii is non-pivotal to Hamlet, because although Hamlet has made first and only positive decision he has not done anything about it. Hamlets mind and dilemma throughout the play is muddled because he finds out that Claudius has killed his father but has done nothing in revenge for this. Hamlet also has trouble with Ophelia that he needs to sort out but he doesnt and then it is to late and Ophelia ends up dead.

Definition of Marketing

Definition of Marketing Free Online Research Papers The meaning of marketing has nearly an infinite number of possible definitions. It involves psychology, statistics, art, logical and creative thinking. The one common denominator within all definitions of marketing is that it leads to an exchange between vendor and consumer. Marketing is used to sell almost every product in our culture, for example, cars, movies, food, furniture, clothes, the list is endless. Specifically defining marketing involves identifying the meaning, the individual influence it makes on a personal and professional level in the microcosms of the population it effects. Marketing and its meaning clearly plays an extremely important role in our culture. On a personal level, I perceive marketing as an attempt to stimulate my own identification. The idea is that products I use define if I am a good quality person, wife, mother, and woman. In my opinion, many organizations attempt to persuade the consumer, through identifying those human desires that will compel the buyer to purchase their product. I personally feel the goal of organizations is to convince shoppers that a happier, healthier, safer and more satisfying life involves the choice of buying and using the product they are selling. The Greek word for market is agora, which means â€Å"gathering place†. In the Agora of ancient Greece, buyers and sellers bickered over the features, benefits and prices of the products being bought and sold there. â€Å"The first markets were places, not targets, demographics, seats, eyeballs or other abstractions. In the first markets, producers and consumers were a handshake apart- and so were all the other reciprocal market nouns: producer and consumer, vendor and customer, supply and demand. They were all embodied in seller and buyer.† (Searls, 2000). In business today, the term market also refers to personality, tastes, and the group of consumers that are interested in a material item or service known as the product. Industry terms that describe the level of narrowing of the market base include: Total Population Potential Market – total population who have interest in obtaining the product. Available Market – potential market who have a sufficient amount capital to buy the product. Qualified available market – available market who authorized to buy the product. Target market – qualified available market that the organization has chosen to serve. Penetrated market – target market who have bought the product. (NetMBA Business Knowledge Center, 2002-2007). We have recreated the agora through the internet, through mass media, through print and it has become global marketplace. The means in which products are sold at market may have evolved, diversified and become somewhat convoluted , and yet the core premise still exists. It is all embodied in seller versus buyer. Success of products sold through marketing becomes evident when the product becoming popular, and becomes thought of as needed by the consumer. In an article in which a gentleman by the name of Bob Maxwell defines the difference in products and brands, additionally he addresses the meaning of marketing. Maxwell states, â€Å"Consumers exist in personal and professional networks where cultural signals are used to communicate status, beliefs, attitudes and values. The clothes worn, TV shows viewed, music listened to, restaurants visited and media personalities favored are just a few of the signals people use to express who they are. Product brands are important symbols in this expression.† (Maxwell, 2007). He further explains that according to research that it is human nature for people to look for dominating media magnets in order to reinforce their concept of self. He theorizes that by identifying the worth the patron relates to in a product; connections, outlooks, attitud es and philosophies, marketers will be more capable of developing inspired and motivating testaments of their product. The results of such knowledge would assist them to link their merchandise with an appropriate consumer base, increasing the success of profitability by selling the product. My experience in the retail industry revealed valuable information in regards to marketing. We understood that part of the home improvement market was to show the consumer that they were not only able to not only afford the products, but that they were capable to do their own home improvements as well, but most importantly all the products to do whatever job could be purchased at the Home Depot. There are many people who would like to believe that they are talented enough to learn some skills to be able to repair and modify their home. This is one of the core strategies that Home Depot has based its whole marketing strategy behind. With that concept in mind, we designed and built a small display bathroom at the entrance of our store. The walls were included a window and were covered from top to bottom with crown molding, wallpaper, paint, chair rail and wainscot. We used a pedestal sink, and a spa tub. On the wall we hung a stylish in-stock mirror. The floor was tiled, and inc luded base boards. In the window we installed a blind, and decorated it with a coordinated bath style curtain. I then created a price menu, in which I based all the prices of the products used in the display on a 10’ x 8’ bathroom. As consumers walked in, they would stop and look over the bathroom, and began to imagine the possibilities. I was able to measure the success of marketing based on the increase in sales of those products used in the display. A report could be generated by requesting specific item numbers and dates of sales. Another key to marketing success is to show value. In another attempt to get the attention of consumers I designed a display that took a multi-item product and broke it down indicating the value and the difference in price if the items were sold separately. Once again I was able to measure the success of the marketing by monitoring a detailed report specifically in regards to the increased sales of this product. In retail, there is a saying, â€Å"Sales cures all.† Therefore anything that employees could do to increase sales would lend towards the profitability and success of the store. Home Depot, at one time, put a lot of capital into the marketing of their enterprise. The goal was to build the confidence and trust of the consumer. The success of Home Depot is well-known, and will almost certainly go down in history as iconic as Coca-Cola. Successful organizations know the importance of not only marketing, but also marketing to the right populations. A great deal of money is spent identifying the triggers in which compel the populations within these markets to identify with and purchase their products. They are acutely aware of the impact of marketing in all the diverse applications, and its financial return to their increased profitability and ultimately their long-term success. Reference: Chulick, Ben. (). Marketing. Marketing Plan, (), . Retrieved March 17, 2008, from msu.edu/course/prr/473/oldstuff/Marketing.htm#Marketing database. Maxwell Bob, (2007). iMedia Connection. How Your Product can Grow up to be a Brand. Retrieved March 17, 2008, from imediaconnection.com/content/16196.asp NetMBA Business Knowledge Center. (2002-2007). Marketing. Retrieved March 17, 2008, from netmba.com/marketing/market/definition/ Searls Doc, (2000). Linux Journal. The Real Meaning of Markets. Retrieved March 17, 2008, from linuxjournal.com/article/3793 Research Papers on Definition of MarketingAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperHip-Hop is ArtIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemTwilight of the UAW

Management Information systems- Business company system Essay

Management Information systems- Business company system - Essay Example The objective of this shop is to sell sweets & cupcakes. Amal Saif started the business with help of her family since December 2008. â€Å"Amal Saif â€Å"is the owner of the shop and she has 2 employees who assist her in cooking & sale and take orders. And they are making a great repute amongst customer. Vision: The company’s core mission is to provide its customers a verity in sweets market. In the current age of globalization, the taste buds are acquiring some thing new almost every day. Food and food production are affecting our surroundings and capturing us in subtle and profound ways. Our food choices changes every day and with every individual it is now far more beyond only filling your appetite. Mini treats vision goes beyond daily bread to working more mindfully and providing the living community the better taste and especially making their sweet moments pleasurable with our wide range of sweets and cup cakes. Mission: Mini treats is totally an environmental based c ompany working towards the satisfaction of its customer. Our core mission is to provide the best and the quality in our sweets also making it assure that they are according to the taste of all age levels. The sweets we provide must cover all the health measures. We also ensure that we follow and restrict our self in making environment clean and healthy. Information Systems Strategy: A very basic information system (a simple desktop computer as hardware and Ms excel to keep the record) is in use at Mini Treats as it is a small company and having only three employees that’s the whole works is divided between all three so the owner takes control of all the transaction like she answer calls to take orders she write everything in a note book. And at the end of the day she put it in the excel program. In that way she knows the daily sales. Moreover she has a contract with three suppliers. One supplier for flour, sugar, oil, Milk & butter, second supplier is for sweet flavors and de coration colors and the third supplier is for cakes boxes. Stakeholders Who are the stakeholders of the project? There are two main stakeholder the group is currently working on the project and the initiative department of that project is the basic stake holder as they acquired all the information regarding the under discussion company. What are their roles and responsibilities? The major role of the group is to do a complete analysis of the company and its undergone information system and suggesting the right measures to take to grow its business by a little investing. What are their information requirements? The information is acquired by the stake holder is the complete history of the company. The products it is selling and the information system it is using. Is it on a manual system or a little bit of information technology it is using. All the suppliers of the company must be clearly mentioned so that they will be helpful in designing a complete and effective management system. Current System: Mini treats is using a manual system. Though it does have computer and Microsoft excel in use but the whole process is still done manually as the owner of the company keep the record of daily order in a note book and at the end of the day she enters in the Excel sheet. The company also has suppliers of food products so the owner has to keep the record of all the transaction manually. She called them when to make a new order. And then keep the record of

Relationship between legal immigration and drug crime Dissertation

Relationship between legal immigration and drug crime - Dissertation Example The issue that criminologists focus on is whether immigration is associated with higher than expected increases in levels of criminal deviance. Crime researchers have addressed this question using one of two general approaches. The first is through individual-level analyses that examine immigrant involvement in crime. Such studies provide insight into the question of whether immigrants are involved disproportionately in the commission of criminal acts. The second approach is less interested in the criminal behavior of individuals, focusing instead on the impacts of immigration, measured at the macro-level, on observed levels of crime. Using data measured at higher levels of aggregation (i.e., neighborhoods, cities, metropolitan areas), this line of scholarship is concerned with the extent to which the presence of an area's foreign-born population affects levels of crime, net of structural and socio-demographic characteristics of an area. Studies falling into this category address the question of whether immigration is related to increased levels of crime. Historical Studies on Immigration and Crime The earliest quantitative studies that focused explicitly on the immigrant/crime link began to emerge as rates of immigration peaked in the early decades of the twentieth century. Three separate reports issued during this period represent the earliest research efforts to take seriously the notion that there may be nativity differences in patterns of criminal offending. A 1901 report issued by the Industrial Commission concluded that foreign-born whites were less involved in crime than their native-born counterparts. This conclusion was supported in a report released by the Immigrant Commission a decade later. In 1911 the Immigrant Commission argued that there was no evidence indicating that immigrants contributed disproportionately to increases in crime. The most extensive of the three reports, the "Wickersham Report," was released in 1931 by the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. The conclusions drawn by the Wickersham Report are similar to those mentioned above that, in general, there was little evidence supporting the notion that foreigners engaged in higher levels of criminal activity than natives (Martinez, 2002; LaFree et al. 2000). Exceptions to this general trend were also noted in the early immigration/crime research. For example, each of the reports mentioned disparities in levels of offending across immigrant generations. Increased involvement in criminal behavior was seen as a consequence of assimilating into American society, particularly for members of the second generation. The Wickersham Report also suggested that immigrants may be more likely to be involved in particular types of crime (i.e., homicide). The conclusions drawn in the early immigration/crime studies have been viewed with suspicion mainly because they were not based on careful empirical analyses. An author of one of the sections of the Wickersham report questioned the results from any criminological research of the period because of the limitations of the data a nd the lack of methodological sophistication used to analyze

Iran Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Iran - Term Paper Example It immediate neighbors are the countries of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkmenistan. Aside from being a country with religious belief that is centered in theocracy, the nation is also featured with historic and beautiful resource such as the Caspian Sea, prominently known as world’s largest lake as well as the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea at the southern part of the country (Sahar, 2007). The Caspian sea stretched over the coast at 650 kilometers while the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea covered 1,770 kilometers (Sahar, 2007). Iran’s terrains are mountainous. A large portion of it is arable while about 10.4% of it is used for agriculture. About 6% of the land area is used as pasteurized area. The northern coastal side is forested which consist to about 4.5% of the total land area (Sahar, 2007). It has two prominent mountain ranges. These are Alborz Mountain Range with the highest peak of. 5671 meters above sea level and it geographically located near Tehran ( Sahar, 2007). The other Zagros Mountain Range which stretched across the southern part of the country with a peak of of about 4000 meters above sea level. The dessert part of the country is located at the eastern parts which are named Dasht-e-Kavir and Kavir-e-Lut (Sahar, 2007). Iran’s capital city is Tehran with an estimated population of 14 million pesos. The city is also visited with about 4 million people from neighboring communities. Recently, the areas of Arak, Ahvaz, Esfehan, Kerman, Shiraz, Tabriz, and Mashad of Iran have become an emerging industrial zone (Sahar, 2007). Iran climate vary. The Caspian coastal plain is humid through out the year with an altitude that is almost sea level. The high altitude, which is populated, has winter time that is often at the rate below the freezing point. The central and eastern parts have seasonally climatic difference which fit to its arid and semi-arid condition (Sahar, 2007). Meanwhile, the coastal side of Iran enjoys mild wint ers but with a temperature which increases every summer period. The latter can even reached at 48Â ° C sometimes in the summer of July (Sahar, 2007). People and Culture Iran is resided with people whose quantitative growth rate exceed to about 3.1% annually. These days, there are now estimated populations of 66 million Iranian people. Modernization also encouraged most of them to migrate and dwell in urban areas for more economic benefits (Sahar, 2007). Iran is also home for indigenous people. Historians relate that natives have dwelt the country since 550 BC. Natives here are dubbed as Achaemenians but have live up to Iranian identify albeit their historical beginnings. Other ethnicities here include Persians, Azeries, Kurds, Baluchis, Lurs, Turkmans, Arabs, Jews, Armenians and Assyrians among Iranians (Sahar, 2007). As the country is composed of multi-ethnic tribes, people vary with their native tongues. However, Iran’s official language is Farsi (Parsi), also known as mod ern Persian. Farsi also used as medium of education and administration, although provincial media network used the mother tongues as mode of communicating reports. Other dialects used by natives are Kurdish, Lurish, Baluchis, Taleshi, Gilaki and Mazandarani (Sahar, 2007). Often, these dialects are spoken differently in every village. Some Iranian however, specially those who earned foreign education, speaks Indo-European language except for

A Survey on Ranking in Information Retrieval System

A Survey on Ranking in Information Retrieval System Shikha Gupta Abstract Available information is expanding day by day and this availability makes access and proper organization to the archives critical for efficient use of information. People generally rely on information retrieval (IR) system to get the desired result. In such a case, it is the duty of the service provider to provide relevant, proper and quality information to the user against the query submitted to the IR System, which is a challenge for them. With time, many old techniques have been modified, and many new techniques are developing to do effective retrieval over large collections. This paper is concerned with the analysis and comparison of various available page ranking algorithms based on the various parameters to find out their advantages and limitations in ranking the pages. Based on this analysis of different page ranking algorithms, a comparative study has been done to find out their relative strengths and limitations. This paper also tries to find out the further scope of researc h in page ranking algorithm. Keywords Information Retrieval (IR) System, Ranking, Page Rank, HITS, WPR, WLR, Distance Rank, Time Rank, Query Dependent, Context. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Information Retrieval System Information retrieval systems are defined as some collection of components and processes which takes input in the form of a query from the user to the system, then compares it with the information which has been collected by the system, and then produce an output, which is some set of texts or information objects considered to be related to the query. It is the activity of obtaining the information resources which are relevant to an information need(query) from a collection of information resources. Data structure used by an IR system is Inverted index which is an index of {term, doc IDs} entries. IR system consists of three main components: firstly the user in the system; then the knowledge resource on which the user has an access and with which s/he interacts; and, a person(s) and/or device(s) that supports and mediates the interaction of the user with the knowledge resource (the intermediary). User FeedbackUser Query RankedExecutable DocumentsQuery Fig: IR architecture In an IR System the processes which are to be considered as important are: Representation of the user’s information problem which is in the form of texts in the knowledge resource: e.g. indexing; Comparison of representation of texts and information problem: e.g. retrieval techniques; Interaction between the user and an intermediary: e.g. human-computer interaction or reference interview; and, sometimes, Judgment of appropriateness of the text to information problem submitted by the user: e.g. relevance judgments; and Modification of the representation of an information problem: e.g. query reformulation or relevance feedback. 1.2 Ranking Ranking is a process of arranging the resulted documents in the order of their relevancy. An information retrieval process begins when the user enters aqueryinto a system. Queries can be defined as formal statements ofinformation needs, for example the search strings in web search engines. In information retrieval not only a single object uniquely identifies a query in the collection, rather, several objects may match the query, but, with different degrees ofrelevancy. Most of the IR systems compute a numeric score for each object in the database to determine how well each of them matches the query, and then it rank the objects according to this calculated value. After ranking, objects having top ranks are shown to the user. The user can then iterate the process by refining the query, if required. Use of ranking To improve search quality. To do effective retrieval over large collections. Granting relevant, efficient, fast and quality information against the user query. 2. RELATED WORK In this paper, a review of previous work on ranking is given. In the field of ranking, many algorithms and techniques have already been proposed but they all seem to be less efficient in efficiently granting the rank. The various algorithms are defined below. . Page Rank Algorithm Page Rank Algorithm is one of the most common ranking algorithms. It is alink analysisalgorithm which provides a way of measuring the importance of pages. Its working is based on the number and quality of links to a page to make a rough estimate of the importance of the page. It is based on the assumption that more important pages are will receive more links from other pages. The numerical weight that it assigns to any given elementEis referred to as thePageRank of Eand is denoted by PR (E). HITS Algorithm Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search(HITS; also known ashubs and authorities) is alink analysisalgorithmthat rates pages. In links and out links of the web pages are processed to rank them. A good hub represents a page that pointes to many other pages, and a good authority represents a page that was linked by many different hubs. The scheme therefore assigns two scores for each page: its authority, which estimates the value of the content of the page, and its hub value, which estimates the value of its links to other pages. HITS algorithm has the limitation of assigning high rank value to some popular pages that are not highly relevant to the given query. Hubs Authorities Fig: Hubs and Authorities Weighted Page Rank Algorithm Weighted Page Rank algorithm (WPR) is an extension to the standard Page Rank algorithm. The importance of both in-links and out-links of the pages are taken into account. Rank scores are distributed based on the popularity of the pages. Number of in-links and out-links are observed to determine the popularity of a page. This algorithm performs better than the conventional Page Rank algorithm in terms of returning a large number of relevant pages to the given query. Weighted Links Rank Algorithm Weighted links rank (WLRank) algorithm is a variant of Page Rank algorithm. Different page attributes are considered to give more weight to some links, for improving the precision of the answers. Various page attributes which are considered for assigning the weight are: tag in which the link is contained, length of the anchor text and relative position in the page. The use of anchor text is the best attribute of this algorithm. Distance Rank Algorithm It is an intelligent ranking algorithm based on learning. In this algorithm, the distance between pages is calculated. The distance is deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ned as the number of ‘‘average clicks’’ between two pages. It considers distance between pages as a punishment and therefore aims at minimizing this distance so that a page with less distance will get a higher rank. The Advantage of this algorithm is that it can find pages with high quality and more quickly with the use of distance based solution. Also, the complexity of Distance Rank is low. The Limitation of this algorithm is that it requires a large calculation to calculate the distance vector. Time Rank Algorithm This algorithm utilizes the time factor to increase the accuracy of the web page ranking. In this the rank score is improved by using the visit time of the page. The visit time of the page is measured after applying original and improved methods of web page rank algorithm to know about the degree of importance to the users. Time factor is used in this algorithm to increase the accuracy of the page ranking. It is a combination of content and link structure. It provides satisfactory and more relevant results. Query Dependent Ranking Algorithm This algorithm is used to point out a large variety of queries. The similarities between the queries are measured. The ranking of documents in search is conducted by using different models based on different properties of queries. The ranking model in this algorithm is the combination of various models of the similar training queries. Categorization by context This approach proposes a ranking scheme in which ranking is done on the basis of context of the document rather than on the terms basis. Its task is to extract contextual information about documents by analyzing the structure of documents that refer to them. It uses context to describe collections. It is used to overcome the disadvantages of term based approach. 3. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE A large number of algorithms are present today which can be used for ranking the pages in Informational Retrieval System. There will always be a scope of better ranking of pages as each algorithm has its associated advantages and disadvantages. In term based approach, there are problems of Synonymy (means multiple words having the same meaning) and Polysemy (means that a word has multiple meanings). On the other hand, in context based approach, the problem is that the pages which refer to a document must contain enough hints about its content so that they are sufficient to classify the document. According to the requirements of the user, the IR system should use an appropriate algorithm. Use of an efficient algorithm will provide speedy response, and, accurate and relevant results. REFERENCES [1] Wenpu Xing and Ali Ghorbani, â€Å"Weighted PageRank Algorithm†, In proceedings of the 2rd Annual Conference on Communication Networks Services Research, PP. 305-314, 2004. [2] Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Emilio Davis ,Web page ranking using link attributes , In proceedings of the 13th international World Wide Web conference on Alternate track papers posters, PP.328-329, 2004. [3] H Jiang et al., TIMERANK: A Method of Improving Ranking Scores by Visited Time, In proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Kunming, 12-15 July 2008. [4] Jon Kleinberg, â€Å"Authoritative Sources in a Hyperlinked Environment†, In Proceedings of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 1998. [5] Ali Mohammad Zareh Bidoki and Nasser Yazdani, â€Å"DistanceRank: An Intelligent Ranking Algorithm for Web Pages†, Information Processing and Management, 2007. [6] Dilip Kumar Sharma and A. K. Sharma,â€Å" A Comparative Analysis of Web Page Ranking Algorithms†, in International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, 2010. [7] Giuseppe Attardi and Antonio Gullà ¬, â€Å"Automatic Web Page Categorization by Link and Context Analysis†, [8] Parul Gupta and Dr. A.K.Sharma, â€Å"Context based Indexing in Search Engines using Ontology†, 2010 International Journal of Computer Applications. [9] Abdelkrim Bouramoul, Mohamed-Khireddine Kholladi1 and Bich-Lien Doan, , â€Å" USING CONTEXT TO IMPROVE THE EVALUATION OF INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS† International Journal of Database Management Systems, May 2011. [10] Xiubo Geng, Tie-Yan Liu, Tao Qin, â€Å"Query Dependent Ranking Using K-Nearest Neighbor†, SIGIR’08, July 20–24, 2008, Singapore

Afghanistan :: American America History

Afghanistan The King was overthrown in 1973. Muhammad Daoud took the power as President of the Afghanistan. He established an autocratic, one-party state, later had purged his government of leftists, and in the last years of his rule had sought financial support form Iran, ruled by the Shah, and Saudi Arabia in order to make Afghanistan less dependent on Soviet economic aid. On April 28, 1978, the regime of President Mohammad Daoud ended violently. Military units raided the Presidential Palace, in Kabul. Killed the president and most members of his family. All happened after the assassination of Mir Akbar Khyber, April 17, a Marxist ideologue a member of the Parcham faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. (PDPA) was a Marxist-oriented party. On April 19 the party organized a mass rally and march in the honor of Khyber's funeral. Marched through the streets of Kabul and shouted anti-American slogans in front of the United States embassy. President Daoud ordered the arrest of seven top PDPA leaders. The PDPA Central committee member Hafizullah Amin was placed under house arrest shortly. He planed a coup d'etat. PDPA leaders were liberated from a government prison. The plan for the April coup, according to Amin in a press conference that it had occurred two years ahead of the PDPA's schedule for revolution. Taraki, Amin, and Karmal were the central player in the leftists' revolution of the Afghanistan. Taraki was born in 1917, was the oldest. His father was a livestock dealer and small-time smuggler. His family's described by Dupree in Nyrop (pg. 218) as semi nomadic, traveling frequently between Ghazini Province and British India. He attended a provincial elementary school and a middle school in Qandahar and was. He began to write short stories. In 1940s his stories refluxing the living condition of Afghan peasants, which approved by Soviet critics as Scientific Socialist themes. Amin was born in 1921, in Paghman, a town near Kabul. His father was a minor civil servant. After study mathematic and physics at Kabul University, he became a high school teacher and later promoted to the principal position. In 1957, through a scholarship he went to study at Teacher's College at Columbia University, in New York. He returned for further studies and that time he joined with students who were interested in Marxism. *Karmal, was born in 1929, a member of the social and political elite. He was a son of General Muhammad Hussain Khan, who served as governor of Pakita Province and had close ties with the royal family.

Diana’s Disappointment Essay

What is the problem? Diana Gillen is the General Manager at the Cobb Street Grille who applied and is hoping to become the new District Manager. After being rejected from the first position 9 months ago, Diana was convinced that she had this current position under her belt. Unfortunately, she did not get promoted and she was left to feel upset and judgmental with how the applicants were chosen for this position. This case demonstrates how an individual must learn to express their emotions in an appropriate manner and be open to learn new and effective ways to be a leader. Why do these problems occur? In this case, Diana is not good at controlling her emotions and the majority of the time her emotions get the better of her. Emotions are psychological, behavioral and physiological episodes that make an individual feel the need to react without being aware. Diana’s emotions are present at numerous times during this case. For example, she felt uneasy as she arrived at the Cobb Street Grille corporate offices along with feeling anxious and fear when learning what the outcome would be on her promotion. There were multiple times during the case where Diana showed physical emotions, such as bursting into tears and cringing when she found out that she did not get the position. These are all examples of Diana not having control over her emotions. She needs to be able to work on controlling her emotions in order to be able to react in situations like these. In this case, Diana shows a lack of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and express emotion, understand and reason with it, while being able to regulate the emotions found in an individual. There are four levels of the emotional intelligence hierarchy, which are self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. Self-awareness is the act of understanding and defining the meaning of your  own emotions. Diana has a high self-awareness because she knows she wants to be a District Manager and she thinks she is the perfect fit for the position. Her values are to work hard and follow the rules that are assigned to her and she shows off her strengths of being able to manage a restaurant. Also, her motivation to become a district manager is present. Self-management is how well an individual can control his or her inner state. Diana is very capable of managing herself along with preparing for the role as a district manager. The down side, however, is that she sometimes loses her cool when trying to complete tasks or get certain jobs done. She is known to be a strict employee but is also very loyal and strives for her and everyone around her to do well. However, when she was told that she was not going to get the position she was hoping for, she let her self-management collapse and began to tear up. Social awareness is the ability of understanding the meaning of other’s emotions. When it comes to being aware of the employees’ emotions and feelings, Diana deeply lacks in this territory. She rarely pays attention to her employees when they have a request, an idea, or even just an opinion. What makes it worse is what the employees have to say about her. The title ‘Ice Maiden’ is thrown around amongst the employees behind Diana’s back. She believes that meeting her financial goals is the only objective she needs to follow, and because she exceeds these goals, Diana considers herself and her performance outstanding. The relationship the Diana shares with her employees is nothing more than a mechanical one. By not being social and working together with her employees, she does not know their needs and how they really think of her. The highest level of the emotional intelligence hierarchy is relationship management. Relationship management is being able to manage other people’s emotions while not letting your own emotions be influenced. Diana fails miserably at this level simply because she is not socially aware of her surroundings. Instead of inspiring her employees to try new things and influencing a bond between them, she leaves them to follow a repetitive schedule and no wiggle room for change. An example of this is when the  restaurant experienced high employee turnover. Diana fired three perfectly good employees because they decided to try a new customer service tactic. This proves that she is not in touch with her employees. Diana knows what she wants and understands how to manage herself along with a business, but when it comes to other individuals she does not perform in an effective way. When it comes to being socially aware and being able to build relationships, she fails, and this is one of the most important levels of the emotional intelligence hierarchy. How can these problems be fixed? Personality: Personality is the view in which individuals are agreeable and open to new things. Looking at the Five Factor Model Personality Theory, Diana extremely lacks in this section because she does not take any steps to build a healthy relationship with her employees. She needs to work on being more agreeable and open to new experiences in order to increase her success as a general manager. When one agrees on situations, it means they are being courteous, good natured, empathetic and caring. She lacks in this because she does not take the extra step to be closer to her employees. Openness to New Experiences: At this point, Diana follows the same rules and regulations, day in and day out. Instead of firing the three employees, she could have been open to a more creative approach and given the new customer service idea a try. In order to be open to new experiences, one needs to be imaginative, creative, aesthetically sensitive, and curious. Diana follows the same routine all the time and should be open to new, and creative ideas that are put forth by her team. Empathy: Empathy is when an individual is more open to others feelings, thoughts, and situations. Diana dictates how the restaurant is run along with any changes that may be made. She is so hell-bent with following the rules, that she is not being empathetic to her employees. If Diana opens herself up to understand how her employees feel, then she will gain miles into training individuals in a positive work environment. Accepting Feedback: In this scenario, employees seem to have many ideas and comments they would like to express to Diana but she does not listen or respond to them. By acting on comments made from the employees, she will make herself more accepted and a better restaurant manager. If she is open to accept positive and negative feedback, then she will indeed have a better chance at making herself more promotable. Lastly, Diana has shown that she is a great asset to Cobb Street Grille and losing Diana as an employee will impact the company in a large way. Recommendations that may be given to the company in order to improve employee relations and managerial skills are as follows: 1. An internal course can be provided to employees to help generate proper feedback that will lead to effect business practices. 2. Employees will be able to voice their opinions and concerns in a private area, which will then be brought up at the nearest staff meeting. 3. There will be open communication via workshops between the employees and managers, which will help build a stronger relationship amongst the two. These recommendations will help ensure that the concerns an individual may have will be taken care of before it arises. So what? In conclusion, the best alternative for Diana to promote herself and become a district manager is to accept feedback and be open to new ideas for the business. If this occurs, the employees will be able to express themselves creatively and Diana will be able to focus on making her business more successful and accepting. The importance of supporting, being open, and encouraging new ideas will be sure to improve the overall reputation of Diana by her employees. With the right future steps and goals, Diana will be able to gain the proper skills and emotional balance to be promoted as a district manager.

Ida Tarbell essays

Ida Tarbell essays Ida Tarbell was a woman far ahead of her time. Tarbell was an extraordinary woman whose work influenced the lives of others all over. She helped transform journalism by introducing what is called today investigative journalism. Through her achievements she not only helped to expand the role of the newspaper in modern society and stimulate the Progressive reform movement, but she also became a role model for women wishing to become professional journalists. Ida Minerva Tarbell, the first child of Franklin Sumner and Elizabeth McCullough Tarbell, was born November 5, 1857 in the log home of her maternal grandfather, Walter Raleigh McCullough. His farm was located in Hatch Hollow, near Wattsburg in northwest Pennsylvania. Both of her parents were teachers by profession, though her father was a carpenter and joiner by trade. Two of her brothers knew Abraham Lincoln, and her father was forced out of business by John D. Rockefeller and the South Improvement Company scheme, predecessor to his Standard Oil empire. These connections would prove influential in her later career. In 1860, when Ida was three years old, Franklin Tarbell, like so many others, rushed to the oil region. He moved his family to Cherry Run in Rouseville, where he began building wooden oil storage tanks. Ida spent her days playing among oil derricks on slippery, oil-soaked soil. In an article entitled "Pioneer Women of the Oil Industry," written by Ida Tarbell in 1934 , she tells of her life in Rouseville-attending Mrs. Rice's home school-and the problems her mother had bringing children up among the oil derricks. While still living in Rouseville, Ida's father extended his business to Pithole during its boom of 1865. With the decline of Pithole, however, the Tarbells moved to Titusville. The church and school were there-both institutions for a good living. In 1870, when Ida was thirteen years old, her father bought the Bonta House, a hotel in Pithole, for six hundred...